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|common_name = Chad |image_flag = Flag of Chad.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Chad.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Location Chad AU Africa.svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = Chad - Location Map (2013) - TCD - UNOCHA.svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = 1993 |demonym = Chadian |capital = N'Djamena |latd=12 |latm=06 |latNS=N |longd=16 |longm=02 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = Dominant-party presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Idriss Déby |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet |legislature = National Assembly |area_rank = 21st |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 1,284,000 |area_sq_mi = 495,753 |percent_water = 1.9 |population_estimate = 10,329,208〔CIA, "Chad", 2009〕 |population_estimate_rank = 73rd |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_census = 6,279,921 |population_census_year = 1993 |population_density_km2 = 8.0 |population_density_sq_mi = 20.8 |population_density_rank = 212th |GDP_PPP = $31.448 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chad )〕 |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,787〔 |GDP_nominal = $15.986 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,417〔 |GDP_PPP_rank = 123rd |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 150th |GDP_nominal_rank = 130th |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 151st |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from France |established_date1 = 11 August 1960 |Gini_year = |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = decrease |HDI = 0.372 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 184th |currency = Central African CFA franc |currency_code = XAF |country_code = TCD |time_zone = WAT |utc_offset = +1 |drives_on = right |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +1 |calling_code = +235 |cctld = .td }} Chad (; (アラビア語:تشاد) '; (フランス語:Tchad)), officially the Republic of Chad ( '; ), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. It is the fifth largest country in Africa in terms of area. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa. N'Djamena, the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions. Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979, the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. Since 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation, with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastern Chad. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état. Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003, crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. == History == (詳細はAfrican archaeological sites are found in Chad, mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.〔Decalo, pp. 44–45〕〔S. Collelo, ''Chad''〕 For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary people. The region became a crossroads of civilizations. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire,〔D. Lange 1988〕〔Decalo, p. 6〕 the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region.〔 These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.〔Decalo, pp. 7–8〕 In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves. French colonial expansion led to the creation of the フランス語:''Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad'' in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.〔Decalo, pp. 8, 309〕 French rule in Chad was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies.〔Decalo, pp. 8–9〕 The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the Sara of the south was governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational system was affected by this neglect.〔〔 After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. The largest political party was the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, a Sara people François Tombalbaye, as its first president.〔〔Decalo, pp. 248–249〕〔Nolutshungu, p. 17〕 Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975,〔("Death of a Dictator" ), ''Time'', (28 April 1975). Accessed on 3 September 2007.〕 but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.〔Decalo, pp. 12–16〕〔Nolutshungu, p. 268〕 The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and became involved in Chad's civil war.〔Nolutshungu, p. 150〕 Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before〔Nolutshungu, p. 230〕 and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.〔Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); ''Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2, pp. 391–397〕 Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule.〔Macedo, Stephen (2006); ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3, pp. 133–134〕〔("Chad: the Habré Legacy" ). Amnesty International. 16 October 2001.〕 The president favoured his own Daza ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990.〔Nolutshungu, pp. 234–237〕 Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in Senegal in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule. Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a new constitution by referendum, and in 1996, Déby easily won a competitive presidential election. He won a second term five years later.〔East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); ''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders''. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X, p. 100〕 Oil exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would at last have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. Déby unilaterally modified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties.〔IPS, "フランス語:Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad"〕 In 2006 Déby won a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur may yet occur in Chad.〔(Chad may face genocide, UN warns ). BBC News, 16 February 2007〕 In 2006 and in 2008 rebel forces have attempted to take the capital by force, but have on both occasions failed. An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010, marked the end of a five-year war.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/chad )〕 The fix in relations led to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, the opening of the border between the two countries after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force to secure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against the President Idriss Deby that had been in preparation for several months. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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